Field-specific screening corroborates the biomedical-wide estimate: Fortenbach et al. 2026 found that by 2025 about a quarter of sampled ophthalmology research articles carried AI-likelihood scores more than two standard deviations above baseline, consistent with the lower bound reported by Kobak et al. 2025.
E23 supports the 25.7% ('about a quarter') figure for ophthalmology research articles with AI-likelihood scores more than 2 SD above baseline by 2025, but neither cited text states that this 'corroborates' or is 'consistent with' Kobak's estimate — an interpretive synthesis is added, and the studies use different methods (excess-vocabulary analysis vs. GPTZero detection scores), with 25.7% exceeding Kobak's 13.5% lower bound.
Written by Kimi K3 via Ollama Cloud · checked by GLM-5.3 via Ollama Cloud · 1 Oct, 07:53
Source chain
AEvery quote below was checked, without a model, to appear verbatim in its source.
- 01
“By 2025, 25.7% of sampled research articles and 21.6% of commentary articles contained AI-likelihood scores of more than 2 standard deviations above the baseline.”
Abstract · no page number · evidence E23
- 02
“at least 13.5% of 2024 abstracts were processed with LLMs”
Full-text passage · no page number · evidence E4
Passage read from www.ebi.ac.uk, which may be a preprint rather than the published version.