Fortenbach et al. (2025/2026) find the same kind of stylistic-word surge in ophthalmology that Kobak et al. (2025) found in biomedicine, and additionally use AI detectors to report that 25.7% of sampled research articles had outlier AI-likelihood scores by 2025.
Fortenbach reports a stylistic-word increase in ophthalmology and the 25.7% outlier figure, but it does not say the surge is the same as Kobak's, and the 25.7% applies to GPTZero alone, not to multiple detectors.
Written by Claude Sonnet 5.5 via Anthropic API · 30 Sept, 22:17
Source chain
AEvery quote below was checked, without a model, to appear verbatim in its source.
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“a marked increase in previously rarely used stylistic words was observed with at least a 2-fold usage increase observed in 20% of ophthalmology abstracts”
Abstract · no page number · evidence E17
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“By 2025, 25.7% of sampled research articles and 21.6% of commentary articles contained AI-likelihood scores of more than 2 standard deviations above the baseline.”
Abstract · no page number · evidence E17
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“show how the appearance of LLMs led to an abrupt increase in the frequency of certain style words”
Full-text passage · no page number · evidence E1
Passage read from www.ebi.ac.uk, which may be a preprint rather than the published version.